{"id":78,"date":"2013-06-19T09:12:21","date_gmt":"2013-06-19T09:12:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/?page_id=78"},"modified":"2022-01-12T15:00:59","modified_gmt":"2022-01-12T13:00:59","slug":"research-topics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/research-topics\/","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>See also <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/publications\/\" target=\"_blank\">Publications<\/a>&nbsp;and <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/category\/news\/\" target=\"_blank\">News<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Supernovae<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-columns gb-layout-columns-2 gb-2-col-equal\"><div class=\"gb-layout-column-wrap gb-block-layout-column-gap-2 gb-is-responsive-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/12\/RCW103.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"584\" height=\"812\" src=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/12\/RCW103.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/12\/RCW103.jpg 584w, https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/12\/RCW103-216x300.jpg 216w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<p>With collaborators we have been developing the jet feedback mechanism to explain the explosion of massive stars.&nbsp; The morphology of some supernovae show&nbsp; indeed signatures of jets, sometimes similar to planetary nebulae.&nbsp;&nbsp;We take such morphological features to indicate that massive stars are exploded by jets.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>On the left&nbsp; isan image from the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2017MNRAS.472.1770B\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">paper<\/a>&nbsp;by&nbsp;<strong>Ealeal Bear<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>Aldana Grichener<\/strong>&nbsp;&amp; Noam Soker.&nbsp; This figure compares&nbsp;similar morphological features between the supernovae remnant RCW 103 and three&nbsp; planetary nebulae, A 63 (image taken from Mitchell et al. 2007), NGC 40 (both images are from&nbsp;Meaburn et al. 1996), and NGC 3918 (both images are from Corradi et al. 1999; images are&nbsp;rotated so that the jets are vertical). The image of RCW 103 is a composite X-ray image<br>in three energy bands (low=red, medium=green, highest=blue) combined with an optical&nbsp;image from the Digitized Sky Survey (image taken from the Chandra website based on Reaet al. 2016). The proposed original directions of the, already dead, jets in the super ova remnant&nbsp;RCW 103 are marked by yellow thick arrows.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ILOTs: Intermediate-Luminosity Optical Transients<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-columns gb-layout-columns-2 gb-2-col-equal\"><div class=\"gb-layout-column-wrap gb-block-layout-column-gap-2 gb-is-responsive-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column gb-is-vertically-aligned-center\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<p>With <strong>Amit Kashi<\/strong> we classify objects with luminosity between novae and supernovae. We argue that most of them are powered by gravitational energy of stellar merger or accretion in a binary system.&nbsp;For details see <a href=\"http:\/\/physics.technion.ac.il\/~ILOT\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/ETD1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"605\" src=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/ETD1-1024x605.jpg\" alt=\"Energy-Time Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-870\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/ETD1-1024x605.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/ETD1-300x177.jpg 300w, https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/ETD1.jpg 1568w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Morphology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One of my research topics is to explain the similar morphologies of some of the objects, as seen in the figures below (the colors are not real). The common shaping mechanism is the launching of jets by a compact object at the center. Images are mostly from the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/hubblesite.org\/gallery\/\" target=\"_blank\">Hubble Space Telescope<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right heb\">\u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05de\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d5\u05e1\u05e7 \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05dc\u05d4\u05e1\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d1\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d2\u05e8\u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05d2\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05d0\u05df (\u05d4\u05e6\u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d0\u05de\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd). \u05d4\u05de\u05e0\u05d2\u05e0\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e3 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d1\u05d5\u05e1\u05e1 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d2\u05d6 \u05d4\u05e0\u05e4\u05dc\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05e6\u05dd \u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9 \u05d1\u05de\u05e8\u05db\u05d6. \u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05d1\u05df \u05d4\u05df \u05e9\u05dc <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/hubblesite.org\/gallery\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u05d8\u05dc\u05e1\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4 \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05dc \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05d1\u05dc<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-3 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"750\" src=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-ngc7027.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"159\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-ngc7027.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/research-topics\/s-ngc7027\/\" class=\"wp-image-159\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-ngc7027.jpg 650w, https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-ngc7027-260x300.jpg 260w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-h3_1357.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"165\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-h3_1357.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/research-topics\/s-h3_1357\/\" class=\"wp-image-165\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-h3_1357.jpg 600w, https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-h3_1357-266x300.jpg 266w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"383\" height=\"665\" src=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-m2_9.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"164\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-m2_9.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/research-topics\/s-m2_9\/\" class=\"wp-image-164\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-m2_9.jpg 383w, https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-m2_9-172x300.jpg 172w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 383px) 100vw, 383px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"460\" height=\"606\" src=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-hu21_n2.gif\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"163\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-hu21_n2.gif\" data-link=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/research-topics\/s-hu21_n2\/\" class=\"wp-image-163\"\/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"725\" src=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-mycn18.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"161\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-mycn18.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/research-topics\/s-mycn18\/\" class=\"wp-image-161\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-mycn18.jpg 650w, https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-mycn18-268x300.jpg 268w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"737\" height=\"737\" src=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-ngc6826.jpg\" alt=\"The elliptical planetary nebulae NGC 6826 (the colors are not real)\" data-id=\"160\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-ngc6826.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/research-topics\/s-ngc6826\/\" class=\"wp-image-160\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-ngc6826.jpg 737w, https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-ngc6826-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s-ngc6826-300x300.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 737px) 100vw, 737px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption\">Planetary Nebulae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Planetary Nebulae: The figures above are images of planetary nebulae \u2014 clouds of gas around dying-sun like stars. Typical size is one light year. For more information, credits, and explanation see&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.astro.washington.edu\/users\/balick\/PNIC\/\" target=\"_blank\">catalog compiled by Bruce Balick<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right heb\">\u05e2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05dc\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea: \u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05df \u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05dc\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u2013 \u05e2\u05e0\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d2\u05d6 \u05e1\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1 \u05db\u05d5\u05db\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e9\u05dc\u05d1 \u05e1\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d2\u05d5\u05d3\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e9\u05e0\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5\u05e8. \u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05dc\u05de\u05e6\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d1<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.astro.washington.edu\/users\/balick\/PNIC\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u05e7\u05d8\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d1\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05e7<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/eta_car.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/eta_car.jpg\" alt=\"The nebula around Eta Carina\" data-id=\"166\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/eta_car.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/research-topics\/eta_car\/\" class=\"wp-image-166\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/eta_car.jpg 450w, https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/eta_car-300x280.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">The nebula around Eta Carina<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/sn87a.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/sn87a.jpg\" alt=\"The rings around Supernova 1987A\" data-id=\"162\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/sn87a.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/research-topics\/sn87a\/\" class=\"wp-image-162\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/sn87a.jpg 250w, https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/sn87a-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">The rings around Supernova 1987A<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The gas around the massive binary system Eta Carinae (left) and around Supernovae 1987A (right) have shapes similar to that of some planetary nebulae. For more on the similarities see <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/content\/315\/5815\/1086.full?ijkey=8qgC9siDt6wrk&amp;keytype=ref&amp;siteid=sci\" target=\"_blank\">my Perspective in Science<\/a> (2007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right heb\">\u05de\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d2\u05d6 \u05e1\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1 \u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05e8\u05e0\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 1987 (\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05df) \u05d5\u05e1\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1 \u05d6\u05d5\u05d2 \u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05db\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05db\u05d1\u05d3 \u05d0\u05d8\u05d4 \u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 (\u05e9\u05de\u05d0\u05dc) \u05d3\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05e2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05dc\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea. (\u05dc\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d3\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05de\u05d1\u05e0\u05d4: \u05d4\u05e8\u05e6\u05d0\u05ea\u05d9 <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/video.tau.ac.il\/General\/AstroClub\/2010\/20100421Soker\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u05d0\u05d8\u05d0 \u05e7\u05d0\u05e8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4: \u05d6\u05d5\u05d2 \u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05db\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05db\u05d1\u05d3 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d2\u05dc\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05d4<\/a> \u05d1\u05e7\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e8\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More intriguing is the similarity of some planetary nebulae to X-ray deficient bubbles in clusters of galaxies. On the left is The Owl planetary nebula shown in optical light (Guerrero et al. 2003), and on the right is the Perseus cluster of galaxies taken in X-ray by the<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/chandra.harvard.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\"> Chandra X-ray Observatory<\/a>. At the center of both objects there is a pair of fainter bubbles. The right image covers a region more than ten thousand times as large as the region covered by the left image. The cloud of gas in the planetary nebula (left) is at about ten thousands degrees Kelvin (or Celsius), while the cluster\u2019s gas (right) is at a temperature of tens of millions of degrees Kelvin. The bubbles are formed by fast jets, one jet per bubble, which inflate the bubbles by filling it with hot tenuous gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For more on the comparison between planetary nebulae and clusters of galaxies see my <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/nature_246_2003.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">News &amp; Views in Nature (2003)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/Owl_nebula.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/Owl_nebula-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"177\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/Owl_nebula.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/research-topics\/owl_nebula\/\" class=\"wp-image-177\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/Perseus_cluster_galaxies.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/Perseus_cluster_galaxies-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"178\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/Perseus_cluster_galaxies.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/research-topics\/perseus_cluster_galaxies\/\" class=\"wp-image-178\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right heb\">\u05de\u05d3\u05d4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d3\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05e2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05dc\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea-X (\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea \u05e8\u05e0\u05d8\u05d2\u05df) \u05e9\u05dc \u05d2\u05d6 \u05d7\u05dd \u05d1\u05e6\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d2\u05dc\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea. \u05de\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05dc\u05d4 \u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea-X \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d2\u05d6 \u05d4\u05d7\u05dd (\u05e2\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 \u05de\u05e2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e7\u05dc\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05df) \u05d1\u05e6\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d2\u05dc\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d1\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e6\u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/chandra.harvard.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u05d8\u05dc\u05e1\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4 \u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea-X<\/a>&nbsp;\u05d4\u05e0\u05de\u05e6\u05d0 \u05d1\u05d7\u05dc\u05dc. \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05d0\u05dc \u05e2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05e4\u05dc\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea. \u05d4\u05d2\u05d6 \u05d1\u05e2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05e0\u05de\u05e6\u05d0 \u05d1\u05d8\u05de\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05e9\u05e8\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d8 \u05d0\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05e0\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4. \u05e6\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d2\u05dc\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e2\u05e9\u05e8\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea. \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e8\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d6\u05d5\u05d2 \u05d1\u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd \u05d1\u05d4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05de\u05d5\u05db\u05d4. \u05db\u05dc \u05d1\u05d5\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8\u05ea \u05de\u05e1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05de\u05e0\u05e4\u05d7 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05d5\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d2\u05d6 \u05d7\u05dd \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d3\u05dc\u05d9\u05dc \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de\u05d4\u05e1\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4. \u05d4\u05e1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e6\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8 \u05e0\u05e4\u05dc\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d7\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05e8-\u05db\u05d1\u05d3. (\u05dc\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d3\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05de\u05d1\u05e0\u05d4: \u05d4\u05e8\u05e6\u05d0\u05ea\u05d9&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/research-topics\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u05e9\u05e2\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d5\u05dc: \u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05db\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05e2\u05d3 \u05e6\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d2\u05dc\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea<\/a>&nbsp;\u05d1\u05e7\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e8\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-columns gb-layout-columns-2 gb-2-col-equal\"><div class=\"gb-layout-column-wrap gb-block-layout-column-gap-2 gb-is-responsive-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"504\" src=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s0502aw.jpg\" alt=\"the light-echo from V838 Monocerotis\" class=\"wp-image-182\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s0502aw.jpg 850w, https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/s0502aw-300x177.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-column gb-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"gb-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<p>On a possible connection of this beautiful evolution of the light-echo from&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V838_Mon\" target=\"_blank\">V838 Monocerotis<\/a>&nbsp;and the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae see&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/contact-information\/\" target=\"_blank\">&nbsp;News &amp; Views in Nature (2012)<\/a>&nbsp;with my former PhD student Amit Kashi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right heb\">\u05d1\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e0\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d3-\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8 \u05de\u05ea\u05e4\u05e9\u05d8 \u05de\u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05db\u05d5\u05db\u05d1 \u05d4\u05e0\u05e7\u05e8\u05d0&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V838_Mon\" target=\"_blank\">V838 Monocerotis<\/a>. <br>\u05e2\u05dc \u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d8\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d0\u05e8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05db\u05ea\u05d1\u05ea\u05d9&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/06\/NatureNewsViews2012.pdf\">\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8<\/a>&nbsp;(\u05d1\u05d0\u05e0\u05d2\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea) \u05e2\u05dd \u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05ea \u05e7\u05d0\u05e9\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e1\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d3\u05d5\u05e7\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d8 \u05d1\u05d4\u05e0\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>See also Publications&nbsp;and News&nbsp; Supernovae ILOTs: Intermediate-Luminosity Optical Transients Morphology One of my research topics is to explain the similar morphologies of some of the objects, as seen in the figures below (the colors are not real). The common shaping mechanism is the launching of jets by a compact object at the center. Images are &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-78","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","5":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Research Prof. Noam Soker<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/research-topics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Research Prof. Noam Soker\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"See also Publications&nbsp;and News&nbsp; Supernovae ILOTs: Intermediate-Luminosity Optical Transients Morphology One of my research topics is to explain the similar morphologies of some of the objects, as seen in the figures below (the colors are not real). The common shaping mechanism is the launching of jets by a compact object at the center. Images are &hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/research-topics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Prof. Noam Soker\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-01-12T13:00:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/12\/RCW103.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/research-topics\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/research-topics\\\/\",\"name\":\"Research Prof. Noam Soker\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/research-topics\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/research-topics\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/4\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/RCW103.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-06-19T09:12:21+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-01-12T13:00:59+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/research-topics\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/research-topics\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/research-topics\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/4\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/RCW103.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/4\\\/2017\\\/12\\\/RCW103.jpg\",\"width\":584,\"height\":812},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/research-topics\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/\",\"name\":\"Prof. Noam Soker\",\"description\":\"\u05e0\u05d5\u05e2\u05dd \u05e1\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/77c75e06019a9b937d9039fb5f24dd57\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/77c75e06019a9b937d9039fb5f24dd57\",\"name\":\"Noam Soker\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/4\\\/2013\\\/06\\\/cropped-soker-b.png\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/4\\\/2013\\\/06\\\/cropped-soker-b.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/4\\\/2013\\\/06\\\/cropped-soker-b.png\",\"width\":460,\"height\":91,\"caption\":\"Noam Soker\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/phsites.technion.ac.il\\\/soker\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/4\\\/2013\\\/06\\\/cropped-soker-b.png\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Research Prof. Noam Soker","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/phsites.technion.ac.il\/soker\/research-topics\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Research Prof. Noam Soker","og_description":"See also Publications&nbsp;and News&nbsp; Supernovae ILOTs: Intermediate-Luminosity Optical Transients Morphology One of my research topics is to explain the similar morphologies of some of the objects, as seen in the figures below (the colors are not real). The common shaping mechanism is the launching of jets by a compact object at the center. 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